Types of Special Needs

1) Visual Impairments

Visual impairment represents a continuum, from people with very poor vision, to people who can see light but no shapes, to people who have no perception of light at all. However, for general discussion it is useful to think of this population as representing two broad groups: those with low vision and those who are legally blind.

Those who are legally blind may still retain some perception of shape and contrast or of light vs. dark (the ability to locate a light source), or they may be totally blind (having no awareness of environmental light).

People with these disabilities are concerned with being able to see text or images on a computer screen and being able to perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, such as moving a computer mouse. Text size and color can make a big difference in legibility for people who have low vision. Written operating instructions and other documentation may be unusable, and there can be difficulties in manipulation (e.g., insertion/placement, assembly).

Hearing impairment means any degree and type of auditory disorder, while deafness means an extreme inability to discriminate conversational speech through the ear. Deaf people, then, are those who cannot use their hearing for communication. People with a lesser degree of hearing impairment are called hard of hearing.

The primary difficulty for individuals with hearing impairment in using standard products is receiving auditory information. Not being able to hear computer prompts, like beeps and spoken messages, can be problematic for these individuals.

This problem can be compensated for by presenting auditory information redundantly in visual and/or tactile form. If this is not feasible, an alternative solution to this problem would be to provide a mechanism, such as a jack, which would allow the user to connect alternative output devices. Increasing the volume range and lowering the frequency of products with high pitched auditory output would be helpful to some less severely impaired individuals.

Definition of Special Education

Special Education is a federally funded program designed to provide access to a free and appropriate education to children with disabilities up to age 21 in public school systems. Schools must provide services according to the regulations set forth in the Individuals with Disabilities Act, known as IDEA. All public schools in the U.S. are required by law to adhere to these regulations and provide direct and supportive services to assist children with disabilities.

Prior to the Individuals With Disabilities Act, many children were excluded from school due to their disabilities. IDEA provided access to educational services for all children, requiring schools to provide the necessary assistance for children to access the curri

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